Category Archives: Globalization

The New Cosmopolitan Class

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In an article in the Daily Times of Pakistan which hits on another fascinating effect of cultural globalization, professor Robert Shiller notes the widening gap between "locals" and "cosmopolitans," and how cosmopolitan influentials around the world have more in common with each other than their neighbor down the street (or the person serving their food):

Rovere’s influential people seemed to be sharply divided into ‘cosmopolitan influentials,’ who habitually orient themselves with respect to the world at large, and ‘local influentials,’ who orient themselves with respect to their own town….

One must realise that individuals choose whether to play the role of cosmopolitan or local, and how much to invest in that role. People make a conscious choice to become either cosmopolitans or locals, depending on their own personal talents and the perceived returns from making the choice.

In the twenty-first century, the new information age creates opportunities not just to be cosmopolitan in spirit and orientation, but to forge strong connections with other cosmopolitans. The cosmopolitans have shared experiences: they are directly communicating with each other across the globe. Many cosmopolitans around the world now also share the English language, the new lingua franca…

The cosmopolitans tend to be increasingly wealthy, and their wealth helps mark them as cosmopolitan. Thus, economic inequality is felt differently in today’s world. Perhaps it is accepted resignedly, as the cosmopolitan class is too amorphous and ill-defined to be the target of any social movement. There is no spokesperson for the cosmopolitan class, no organisation that could be blamed for what is happening.

I fear for the future. How will the cosmopolitan class behave as their role in the world economy continues to strengthen? How unfeeling will they come to be about the people who share their neighbourhoods? Most importantly, if resentment by the locals emerges, what political consequences will result?

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The Cultural Intricacies Underneath Western Materialism

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Luis Martinez-Fernandez in the Chronicle of Higher Education notes an interesting element of globalization and Americanism. Material American influences are ever far-reaching — music, books, clothes — but it doesn’t mean the underlying cultural norms are becoming homogeneous:

Although people around the world may wear, eat, and listen to American products, they continue to maintain their deeply ingrained values, beliefs, and underlying assumptions. They may embrace the material products of modernity, but they cling tenaciously to their underlying cultural cores — which remain vibrant and resiliently distinct…In fact, new forms of cultural hybrids have surfaced as the bedrock values and beliefs of the world’s cultures sport the veneer of an increasingly visible — and audible — North American material culture.

In a global marketplace, it will be important for entrepreneurs (and anyone else) to see through the material veneer and understand the cultural intricacies which shape someone’s perspective. I’ve learned in my travels that it’s not easy to see "diversity" amidst so many familiar Western icons, but diversity is there and thriving, and if you want to persuade anyone to do anything, you have to understand what’s underneath the Nike t-shirt.

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Book Review: How "American" Is Globalization?

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William Marling debunks the myth that "Americanization" is pervasive in his new book How "American" Is Globalization? In fact, Marling argues, local cultures have proved remarkably resilient in a globalized world. And while there are some instances where American business or culture dominate the world (such as the ATM banking system, shipping containers, and franchising) there are many more instances of "less than we think." Fast food, for example, is hardly an American invention, and even some fast food chains such as Burger King are mistakenly attributed to the States (it’s British). Where fast food does have an American mark — McDonald’s, Pizza Hut, etc — they’ve been an enormous force for good in terms of hygiene standards, management culture, and other practices many third world countries have not been exposed to. Interestingly, many foreign people see McDonald’s as a local company — thanks to such successful integration and menu localization.

The total number of English speakers is also on the decline, despite cries about English taking over the world.

Marling says many Americans believe the Americanization myth because when they travel overseas they see some American logos and pop culture and mistakenly think it’s a dominating force.

People reject globalization for different reasons. I disagree with them on pretty much every front. The Americanization myth is often listed in the "cultural erosion" argument — this book is a nice rebuttal.

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What I Learned About China: On the Ground Impressions and Lessons

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If you’re like me, you’re trying to sift through the hype around China.

I was lucky to spend two weeks there and meet people who really illuminated where I was and the issues I care about.

In Shanghai I met super high quality people in the businessworld. I chatted with people who do market research on Chinese companies, somebody who helps European companies assess the Chinese market, a journalist who covers IT companies in Shanghai, a guy who manages the China division for a multinational semiconductor company, a couple ex-pats, a venture capitalist, an analyst in the finance industry, a boutique management consultant, and an entrepreneur. All great people. I also read two books on China while here (China CEO: Voices of Experience From 20 International Business Leaders and The Coming Collapse of China – a terrible book) which offered add’l color.

Our conversations covered all bases: China’s history, current business, economic, and social situation, its education system, the mentality of the people, its rich culture and whether it’s being lost in the 21st century transformation, food, traveling, globalization, and life philosophy.

I think it’s definitely more complicated than, “China is going to rule the world!” as many business magazine covers would like to suggest. China faces many challenges, in addition to the endless opportunities its promoters remind us of daily.

Here are some things I learned while there:

  • 5,000+ years of history. This is a LONG time. Spend some time in Beijing and you’ll discover how integral imperial history and tradition is to China’s present culture. To think that for thousands of years emperors ruled the land and now, suddenly, they have a republic, speaks to the challenges of accelerating their political system to something more open and free. By contrast, the United States broke free from Britain and set up a democracy with a totally clean palette. We enjoy the fruits of virtually no historical baggage.
  • “China is different”. I heard this a lot from locals. Because of all this history they feel like trying to box China into a theory of political development or to compare China to any other country fails due to the uniqueness of their situation.
  • Indifference toward political/emotional/intellectual rights. No one cares about human rights, censorship of the internet and press, corrupt judicial system, and essentially authoritarian rule. “People just want a better life,” I was told over and over again. A better life meaning a better economic life. The Chinese government says there is too much poverty to worry about human rights for the percentage of people who have clothes and a house. There are a billion farmers who are trying to get by. People want bigger houses, more money, bigger cars, opportunities to travel. Political freedoms will come in time, they say. They will come, but over generations. Also, no educated person here believes in communism. They tell me even members of the party don’t believe in communism. The communist party is simply a power play. If you want to have influence in the government you join the party and subscribe to an ideology that no one still believes in.
  • Variance in Geography — the difference between the west and the east is astounding. The needs and priorities of people in rural China and people in the big cities are so different that it makes nation-wide change difficult. There’s a movement to develop the west.
  • Optimism — This country runs on national pride. Everywhere you go there is a poster showing Chinese kids looking up. Always up. In taxis there is a mini TV and it plays a nationalistic advertisement over and over again, always with low camera angles looking up at kids and adults, releasing red balloons into the sky, and generally jumping with joy at…being in China. There is no question this kind of unabashed optimism makes for an energetic workforce, but it can be a bit scary. Especially when the optimism is retroactive. My Beijing college aged student tourguide sings the praises of Chairman Mao, while I would characterize him as the implementer of the most disastrous economic policies in Chinese history and responsible for the deaths of tens of millions of Chinese. So long as the central govt maintains its grip on the media, I don’t see this rosy optimism fading anytime soon.
  • Chinese workers. They work hard. They’re driven to make money and succeed. Work can come ahead of family sometimes, which is interesting given the Confucian themes of balance. By the same token, such ambition can mean everybody wants to be mega rich and patience is in short supply. Employee retention is difficult. Also, Chinese workers tend to fit in a box. The educational culture breeds kick-ass conformity, not creativity.
  • Language. For westerners who want to live here, learning Chinese is a must, in my opinion. There are some expats here who don’t speak Chinese but they’re usually too removed from local culture to rise to the top or enjoy the cultural immersion. The problem is Chinese is among the toughest languages to learn, mostly because if you’ve never seen a character before there’s no way to know how to pronounce it. When learning Spanish or English you can try to sound out a word and you can get close. In Chinese it’s sheer memorization of 4,000-6,000 characters to become literate. English is compulsory in elementary school and still widely spoken in business circles, although I hear some of the most talented Chinese managers don’t speak English, so you can’t judge intellectual acumen by English mastery.
  • Networking. If you think relationships are important in the States or in Europe, wait until you get to China! “Guanxi” is a term that refers to the importance of quid pro quo relationships. It’s kind of like an old boys network philosophy that rewards insiders. Relationships supercede written contracts.
  • Money. Imagine that your parents barely had enough money to live each day. Imagine growing up in a rural farm with few life prospects. Then imagine yourself given the opportunity to move to a city, where wealth is being created at an astonishing pace, where buildings and infrastructure are appearing in ways your parents could have never fathomed. Now, you have the opportunity to make lots and lots of money and enjoy a lifestyle your parents always wanted but could never have. This is the case, I think, for many Chinese men and women. The resulting outlook on life is natural: make money. Do it ruthlessly, if that what it takes. It’s a totally normal reaction, given the circumstances, but if you think the United States or other wealthy western nations are materialistic and greedy to a fault for the green stuff, you haven’t seen China.
  • Legal Infrastructure and Intellectual Property. What are those?
  • Contradictions. China is a country of contradictions. Make money at all costs on the one hand, embrace Buddhist / Confucian thought on the other. Build long term relationships in the spirit of “Gaunxi” on the one hand, but don’t be afraid to screw a stranger for short term benefit.
  • Tourist Misperceptions — Many tourists visit Shanghai, Beijing, and Hong Kong, and leave thinking China is a developed country. It’s not. It’s still developing, in many respects. And this on-going development is the government’s rationale for not pushing for the emotional/intellectual rights of the citizens as much as the fulfilling the physical needs (which comes from economic development) of the poor people.
  • Lifestyle — This should be a major consideration for any Westerner thinking about living / working / studying in China. There’s no doubt there are sizable business opportunities. It’s growing like gangbusters, the people are optimstic about the future, and with moderniz ation more and more consumers will be buying goods and participating in the global marketplace. All the hype around China rightfully focuses on the tremendous opportunity to ride their wave to the top. But as I’ve experienced firsthand and as other ex-pats from the U.S. or Europe tell me, there are lifestyle tradeoffs:

    – Pollution. Simply put, if you like clear blue skies and fresh natural air you won’t get it in the big cities.

    – Noise. If peace and quiet means a lot to you, forget it. Although people say you acclimate to the honking and shouting…

    – Getaways. Many ex-pats told me they wish they could take weekend getaways. Get in a car and drive somewhere out of the city where it’s a little less bustling and a little more tranquil. The problem is it’s dangerous to drive a car, since traffic laws are non-existent. And serene getaway destinations (such as Napa Valley or Santa Cruz) are elusive, if they exist at all.

    – Materially. It’s a step down. Lower quality of service, dirtier streets, dirty water, fake clothes and watches, etc. Don’t get me wrong — major cities seem to be equipped with world class restuarants, hotels, fitness gyms, transportation infrastructure, broadband internet, and so forth. If you want 5 star everything, you can get it. Still, on a day-to-day basis, a lower material standard should be expected (and I’m only talking about the cities).

    – Chaos. This sums up many of the above points. China is growing and changing at mind boggling speeds. This creates chaos in every setting, from trying to cross a street and order a dumpling to closing deals in an office building. Some people thrive on this raw energy, spikes and all, others find it exhausting and discouraging. Me? I learned that I like certain kinds of chaos. Not this kind.

I can’t say “I get China” after two weeks living in the mainland. In fact, I know I won’t ever “get China”, as any local will gladly remind me. There’s a truism here that says you can write a book about China after one week here, write a magazine article after one month, and you keep your mouth shut after one year in China because you realize how vast and complicated this country is and how little you actually understand.

I hope to visit China again and explore different parts of the country and continue to try to understand the psyche of the people. I have no choice — for my generation, China will be a player, if not a leader. But, I also know that living, studying, or working in China is not something I’d be terribly enthusiastic about. The lifestyle tradeoffs are meaningful for me. This attitude may change. People say things have gotten much better in only a few years and the trajectory is only going up. Still. I think it’s important for people to realize how much of the country is still developing before they run off and devote 10 years of their life learning Mandarin and then moving to Shanghai to “do business in China” – whatever that means.

As always, your thoughts, reactions, and impressions of China are welcome in the comments to this post!

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Taking the Best of East and West for a School

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I’m a big believer in "skim the top." Emulate the best parts of people. Find the best parts of French culture and try to integrate it into Americanism (while leaving behind the negative parts). Use the best of all religions — I’ve been reading The Teachings of Buddhism while in Japan and love some of the Buddhist ideas, though I don’t think I could adopt it all the way, nor could I any religion. Why not take the best of Buddha, Jesus, and a few other philosophers?

The Academy of the Pacific Rim is a charter school in Boston which claims to take the best of East and Western educational traditions. This is an awesome approach. I love some parts of Asian culture, such as the character building, loyalty, and so forth. But I miss the individualism and entrepreneurship and diversity that is part of Western culture.

I believe that with globalization comes synthetic cultures, and rather than pine for the old, more "pure" culture, we should embrace synthetic cultures — and approaches to education — as taking the best of all worlds. I tip my hat to the Academy of the Pacific Rim for building an institution around this vision.

Thanks to Chris Yeh for the pointer!

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